Spoken by the majority of the population, Cambodia’s official language is Khmer. However, English is widely spoken in urban areas, like Phnom Penh and Siem Reap, as well as major tourist areas; it’s less common in rural Cambodia. You may also encounter French speakers in older generations, given the country’s history as a French protectorate.

As a show of respect and to better communicate, especially in rural areas where English isn’t as prevalent, it’s a good idea to learn some basic phrases and words in Khmer.

• Hello – Sua s’dei (soo-a sah-day)
• Please – Soum (soom)
• Thank you – Awkun (ah-koon)
• Yes – For males: Baht; for females: Jah
• No – Ot te (ote)
• How are you? – Neak sok sabai te? (nyeah-k sohk saba-ee teh?)
• My name is… – Knyom chhmua… (nya-ohm chhmooah…)
• How much is this? – T’lai ponman? (tlai pohn-maan?)
• Where is the bathroom? – Naevay bon teevee ey? (na-vai bone tee-vee eh?)
• Let’s go – Yuk eun (yook eun)

Greetings

The most common and traditional way to greet both men and women in Cambodia is the sampeah. Similar to other Southeast Asian greetings, you place your hands together in a prayer-like gesture and bow.

As a sign of respect and politeness, you can adjust the greeting depending on who you’re greeting. For peers, you should hold your hands at chest level. For bosses, teachers, and parents, the hands should be held at mouth level. If you’re greeting monks or royalty, hold your hands at the bridge of your nose. And the deeper and lower the bow, the higher the respect. You can also use the sampeah to say thank you, sorry, or goodbye.

However, with the influence of Western culture and the widespread use of English in the cities and tourist areas, it’s not uncommon to see Cambodians greet foreigners with a handshake or even a wave. 

Addressing Others

In Cambodia, it’s customary to address someone using honorifics that denote respect, particularly when speaking to elders or superiors. Unlike in English, where “sir” or “ma’am” is used, the Khmer language adds specific honorifics before the name based on gender and age.

For example, lok is used for older men and lok srey for older women. For people of the same age, bong can be used for both men and women. In conversations in English, use first names or Mr. and Ms. followed by the last name, especially in more formal settings.

Cambodia is home to several small Indigenous groups, known collectively as the Khmer Loeu or Highland Khmer. These ethnic groups include:

• Jarai: Known for their communal houses, spiritual beliefs, and elaborate funeral ceremonies involving carved wooden posts, the Jarai have a strong presence in the Ratanakiri province, which has many traditional Jarai villages.
• Brao: The Brao adhere to Indigenous animistic beliefs and are also known for their vibrant weaving and basketry. Like the Jarai, the Brao predominantly live in the Ratanakiri and Stung Treng provinces.
• Kreung: Found mostly in the highland areas of northeastern Cambodia, particularly in Ratanakiri, the Kreung are known for their practice of building unique bachelor houses for unmarried boys.
• Phnong: Predominantly situated in the Mondulkiri Province, the Phnong are traditionally animists and practice slash-and-burn agriculture. Their skill in weaving and their traditional musical instrument, the gong, are among their top cultural attributes.
• Kuy: Skilled blacksmiths, weavers, and potters with a strong tradition of conservation, particularly of their forest environment, the Kuy people inhabit northern Cambodia’s Preah Vihear province.

Indigenous Sites in Cambodia

• Angkor Archaeological Park: Home to Angkor Wat, Cambodia’s most iconic and best-known temple, Angkor Archaeological Park is perhaps the most famous of Cambodia’s Indigenous sites. A vast temple complex, this UNESCO World Heritage Site served as the center of the Khmer Empire from the 9th to the 15th centuries.
• Preah Vihear: Overlooking the plains of Cambodia from a 525-meter cliff in the Dangrek Mountains, this UNESCO-certified clifftop temple predates Angkor Wat and is a stunning example of ancient Khmer temple architecture.
• Phnom Kulen National Park: Considered a sacred site in Khmer culture, this is the location of the River of 1,000 Lingas, where more than a thousand carvings of Hindu deities and lingams (phallic symbols representing the god Shiva) have been etched into the sandstone riverbed.
• Banteay Chhmar: This lesser-known temple complex in northwestern Cambodia is one of the most important and least understood archaeological complexes from Cambodia’s Angkor period.

Practiced by 95% of the population, the Cambodian state religion is Theravada Buddhism, which has also had deep influences on the country’s cultural, ethical, and philosophical life.

Visitors can learn about and connect with Cambodia’s rich religious heritage at some of the many religious sites dotted throughout the country, such as these famous ones:

• Angkor Wat: Located in Siem Reap, Angkor Wat is the largest religious monument in the world. Built in the 12th century, it started as a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu before transitioning into a Buddhist temple.
• Bayon Temple: Also located in the Angkor complex, Bayon is known for its massive stone faces. The temple was the official state temple of the Mahayana Buddhist King Jayavarman VII.
• Silver Pagoda: Located within the Royal Palace compound in Phnom Penh, the Silver Pagoda houses many national treasures, including gold and jeweled Buddha statues.
• Wat Phnom: A Buddhist temple located in Phnom Penh, it’s one of the city’s main attractions. According to legend, the first pagoda on this site was erected in 1373 to house four statues of Buddha deposited there by the waters of the Mekong River.
• Preah Vihear Temple: Situated atop a 525-meter cliff in the Dângrêk Mountains, this Khmer temple is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Along with visiting temples and religious sites, pilgrimages are common in Cambodia, particularly during the Khmer New Year and Pchum Ben, a 15-day religious festival where Cambodians pay respect to their ancestors.

Visiting Cambodia during important festivals is one of the best ways to meet locals, learn about cultural traditions and customs, and have a good time. Here are some of Cambodia’s biggest and best-known cultural and religious festivals and holidays.

• Khmer New Year (Choul Chnam Thmey): This three-day festival usually takes place in mid-April and marks the traditional New Year in Cambodia. It is a time for family reunions, temple visits, and water-related activities to cleanse away the old year and welcome the new.
• Pchum Ben: Also known as Ancestors’ Day, Pchum Ben is a 15-day religious festival held in September or October. Cambodians visit pagodas to make offerings to their deceased ancestors, seeking blessings and showing respect for their memory.
• Water Festival (Bon Om Touk): Celebrated in November to mark the end of the rainy season and the Tonle Sap River’s reversal of flow, this is one of the most significant festivals in Cambodia. Colorful boat races, concerts, fireworks, and vibrant celebrations take place along the riverfront in Phnom Penh.
• Royal Ploughing Ceremony: Held in May, this ancient agricultural ceremony marks the start of the rice-growing season. The royal oxen are used to plow a ceremonial field, and predictions about the upcoming harvest are made based on what the oxen eat.
• Independence Day: Celebrated on November 9th, Independence Day commemorates Cambodia’s independence from France in 1953 with parades, fireworks, and cultural performances.
• Visak Bochea: Also known as Vesak, this Buddhist holiday is observed in May and commemorates the birth, enlightenment, and death of Gautama Buddha. Devotees visit temples, make offerings, and participate in candlelight processions.

As with many countries in Southeast Asia, haggling is a common practice in Cambodian markets and small shops for items like souvenirs, clothing, handicrafts, and street food.

To help you make the most of bargaining in Cambodia, as well as be respectful of the custom, here are some haggling tips:

• Markets and Street Vendors: When bargaining with street vendors at markets, start by offering a lower price than what is initially quoted and be prepared for counteroffers. Remember to maintain a friendly and respectful demeanor throughout the negotiation.
• Tourist Areas: Prices in tourist areas can often be inflated, so bargaining is encouraged. However, be mindful of a fair and reasonable price that reflects the value of the product or service.
• Transportation: Tuk-tuk and taxi fares are generally agreed upon before the ride. It’s good to negotiate and confirm the price in advance to avoid any misunderstandings.

While bargaining is commonplace in markets, it’s not appropriate in chain stores, upscale shops, malls, hotels, and restaurants, where prices are fixed. It’s also important to remember that haggling should be approached with respect and in a friendly manner. Enjoy the process of bargaining, but also be mindful of the seller’s livelihood and the value of the goods or services you are purchasing.

It’s important to respect local customs and traditions in Cambodian community life. These etiquette rules and guidelines will help you navigate social situations and demonstrate your respect for the culture of Cambodia. 

Feet and Body Gestures

• Feet are considered lower than the head: Avoid pointing the soles of your feet towards people or sacred objects, as it is considered impolite. Crossing legs while sitting is acceptable, but try to keep your feet tucked away.
• Use the right hand: When giving or receiving objects, use your right hand, as the left hand is traditionally associated with bathroom hygiene.
• Show respect to monks: When encountering Buddhist monks, show respect by keeping a distance and refraining from touching them. Women should avoid direct physical contact with monks.

Temple and Religious Sites Etiquette in Cambodia

When visiting religious sites around the country, be respectful of the rules and follow these basic etiquette guidelines:

• Look for posted signage highlighting any rules and regulations.
• Dress modestly and respectfully with clothes that cover your shoulders, knees, and chest. Some temples may also require that women wear head coverings.
• Remove your shoes if asked to do so.
• Always ask permission before taking photos, and never try to sneak pictures where it isn’t allowed.
• Speak softly and avoid making loud noises to be respectful of others using the space.
• Do not touch objects unless it is expressly allowed.
• Make a small donation in thanks.

Khmer Rouge Regime

When visiting Cambodia, you’re likely to hear about the Khmer Rouge period, a dark time in Cambodian history.

Led by Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge regime of the late 1970s saw between 1.7 to 2.2 million people killed through executions, famine, disease, and other human-rights abuses. During this time, people were forcibly relocated from cities out into the countryside to work in agriculture. Intellectuals, professionals, and anyone perceived as a threat to the regime were targeted, leading to mass executions, forced labor, and atrocious acts.

Today, Cambodia continues to grapple with the legacy of the period. Memorials and museums, such as the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum and the Killing Fields of Choeung Ek, serve as reminders of the atrocities committed during that time. When visiting these sites or talking with locals about the regime, respect is paramount. Follow any posted guidelines, don’t take photos unless permitted, and be sensitive when asking questions. 

While a difficult topic, understanding the Khmer Rouge period is crucial for comprehending Cambodia’s history and appreciating the resilience and strength of the Cambodian people in moving forward from this tragic chapter.

Dining Etiquette in Cambodia 

From Khmer curries to rice noodles, Cambodian cuisine incorporates culinary elements from its neighboring countries—namely Thailand and Vietnam—to create its own homegrown dishes and culinary traditions.

While there are some regional variations, certain dishes are commonly enjoyed throughout the country, like amok, a popular Khmer dish typically made with fish (such as trevally or catfish) or chicken, mixed with a coconut-based curry paste (kroeung) and steamed in banana-leaf cups. Other popular dishes include lok lak, kuy teav, and nom banh chok.

Cambodians eat these and many more in restaurants, markets, and street-food stalls across the country, and you’re welcome to join them. When dining out in Cambodia and tasting this delicious cuisine for yourself, here are a few things to consider:

• Wash hands before and after meals: It’s customary to wash your hands before and after eating, particularly when partaking in traditional Cambodian cuisine.
• Use utensils appropriately: In Cambodian dining, the spoon is typically used for eating, while the fork is used to push food onto the spoon. Chopsticks are also used for certain dishes.
• Wait for the host to begin eating: When dining in a group or at someone’s home, it is polite to wait for the host to start eating before you begin.

It’s worth noting that Cambodian cuisine is generally not as spicy as Thai cuisine. However, flavors can still vary from mild to moderately spicy depending on the region and personal preferences.

Due to the hot, humid weather, Cambodia’s dress code is generally very relaxed and casual. People wear lightweight, breathable fabrics to stay comfortable and cool, and visitors are also encouraged to bring a hat, sunglasses, and sunscreen. Wearing pants and long-sleeve shirts is a good way to protect yourself against mosquito bites.

Although you should dress for comfort, it’s important to dress modestly and conservatively, especially when traveling in rural areas and visiting temples and religious sites. Avoid overly revealing clothing, like shorts and skirts, and women should wear tops that cover the shoulders and chest. Tank tops, short shorts, and skimpy dresses are considered disrespectful and not allowed at most temples.

Attending local sporting events is one of the best ways to connect with a country’s culture. In Cambodia, visitors have the opportunity to experience a variety of spectator sports, including local Indigenous sports. Here are some of Cambodia’s top pastimes:

• Football (Soccer): Football is the most popular sport in Cambodia. The national football team competes in international tournaments and domestic leagues, with matches drawing significant attention from fans across the country.
• Bokator: Combining striking techniques, throws, ground fighting, and weapons, Bokator is an ancient Khmer martial art dating back more than a thousand years.
• Traditional Boat Racing: Traditional boat racing, known as Chaul Chnam Thmey, is a popular sport during the Khmer New Year festival. Colorfully decorated longboats with teams of rowers compete in races on rivers and lakes, drawing a large audience.
• Kun Khmer: Also known as Khmer boxing, Kun Khmer is a traditional martial art and combat sport involving punches, kicks, elbows, knee strikes, and clinching. 
• Pradal Serey: Pradal Serey, or Khmer kickboxing, is another popular martial art and combat sport in Cambodia consisting of strikes, clinching, and sweeps.
• Sepak Takraw: Though not native to Cambodia, Sepak Takraw has gained popularity. Played with a rattan ball, players use their feet, knees, chest, and head to keep the ball in the air and score points.

Some of Cambodia’s Indigenous cultures also have their own traditional sports and games, including buffalo racing, archery, and traditional wrestling.

Here are a few other cultural differences to keep in mind during your travels in Cambodia:

• Personal Space: Cambodians generally have a closer concept of personal space compared to some Western cultures. It’s common to see people standing or sitting closely together in public spaces.
• Elder Respect: Cambodian culture places a strong emphasis on respecting elders. Show deference and use appropriate honorifics when addressing older individuals. 
• Punctuality: Cambodians tend to have a more relaxed approach to time, and it’s common for events and gatherings to start slightly later than scheduled. However, it’s still a good practice to arrive on time for formal appointments or when engaging in professional activities.
• Gift-giving: When visiting someone’s home or when invited to a social gathering, bringing a small gift, like fruits, sweets, or flowers, is appreciated. Avoid giving anything overly expensive, as it may create an awkward situation for the recipient.