Saudi Arabia Tradition and Culture: What to Know Before You Go

By Andrew Lewis on 15 Sep 2023

From the moment you touch down at King Khalid International Airport, it’s clear Saudi Arabia is a country with rich culture and traditions, influenced by its Islamic heritage, its Bedouin past, and its modern development.

As the official religion, Islam is one of the most important traditions in Saudi society and Arab culture. The country’s Sunni Muslims are required to pray five times a day—the call to prayer is broadcast from mosques throughout the country—and the holy month of Ramadan is a time of fasting and spiritual reflection for the Saudi population as a whole.

Led by the Al Saud royal family, the Kingdom’s conservative Islamic heritage greatly influences the daily lives of its people. Saudi citizens have strong family values, and hospitality plays a significant role in Saudi society. Saudi culture and social interactions are often centered around these principles.

Bedouin culture is also an important tradition in Saudi Arabia. Bedouins are nomadic people who traditionally lived in the desert. They are known for their hospitality, their skills in horsemanship and camel herding, and their traditional crafts.

The traditional culture dress of the Saudi people is the thobe for men and the abaya for women. The thobe is a long, white robe, while the abaya is a long, black cloak. Saudi women may also wear a face veil, and both men and women often wear a headscarf.

As travelers or foreign workers, researching the culture and traditions of Saudi Arabia will help you avoid misunderstandings and interact more respectfully with locals. This guide covers all the essentials—the cultural and traditional nuances and differences—you’ll need to know as a traveler visiting Saudi Arabia.

Saudi Arabia Languages and Greetings

When greeting someone, it is important to maintain proper gender etiquette. A Saudi man will generally greet another man with a handshake, while Saudi women greet other women with a warm hug and cheek-to-cheek kiss.

Addressing others in Saudi Arabia does not usually require honorifics like “sir” or “ma’am.” However, it is customary to use titles such as “Sheikh” or “Sayyid” when addressing religious leaders or individuals from noble families.

Here are some beginner phrases in the Arabic language:

  • Hello – مرحباً (Marhaban)
  • Please – من فضلك (Min fadlak)
  • Thank you – شكرًا (Shukran)
  • Yes – نعم (Na’am)
  • No – لا (La)
  • How are you? – كيف حالك؟ (Kayf halak?)
  • My name is… – اسمي… (Ismi…)
  • How much is this? – كم سعر هذا؟ (Kam sa’ru hadha?)
  • Where is the bathroom? – أين الحمام؟ (Ayna al-hammam?)
  • Let’s go – هيا بنا (Haya bina)

Indigenous Cultures in Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, there are several Indigenous populations with distinct cultural traditions. Here are some of the major Indigenous populations, along with information on some of their important sites and traditions:

  • Bedouin: Bedouin communities are traditionally nomadic or semi-nomadic herders. They have a strong connection to the desert and a rich oral storytelling tradition. Important sites include the Bedouin camps and settlements in regions like the Rub’ al Khali (Empty Quarter) desert.
  • Al-Awazem: Al-Awazem is an Indigenous Arab tribe with a significant presence in Saudi Arabia and a history of camel breeding and trading. Important sites include the traditional Al-Awazem settlements in regions like Najd and the central Arabian Peninsula.
  • Al-Murrah: Al-Murrah is a Bedouin tribe known for their expertise in camel husbandry. They have a strong connection to the desert environment of the Arabian Peninsula. Important sites include the Al-Murrah communities in regions such as the Eastern Province and Najd.
  • Al-Qahtani: Al-Qahtani is a major Indigenous tribe in Saudi Arabia. They have a long history of living in the Arabian Peninsula, with ties to ancient Arab tribes. Important sites include traditional Al-Qahtani settlements in various regions across the country.
  • Al-Huwaitat: Al-Huwaitat is an Indigenous tribe with a presence in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia. They have a close connection to the coastal areas and engage in fishing and pearl diving. Important sites include Al-Huwaitat communities along the Red Sea coast and islands like Farasan.

Though these Indigenous populations may have varying degrees of recognition and support within the country, they contribute to the cultural diversity of Saudi Arabia, and their traditions, customs, and historical sites provide valuable insights into the rich heritage of the region.

Religion in Saudi Arabia

Like plenty of other Arab countries in the Middle East and beyond, Saudi Arabia is a Muslim society. Its major religion is Islam, and the country is home to the two holiest cities in Islam, Mecca and Medina. The Saudi government follows a conservative interpretation of the religion and of Islamic law, so Islamic concepts and religious rituals naturally play a central role in Saudi life—strict gender segregation is the rule, and pork products are absolutely verboten, to name a few.

Visitors to Saudi Arabia can explore various religious sites that hold great significance for Muslims worldwide, including the following.

  • Masjid al-Haram: Located in Mecca, Masjid al-Haram houses the Kaaba, the most sacred site in Islam. Muslims from around the world gather here for the annual pilgrimage (Hajj) and for the lesser pilgrimage (Umrah).
  • Al-Masjid an-Nabawi: Medina’s Al-Masjid an-Nabawi is the second-holiest mosque in Islam. It contains the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad and is a revered site for Muslims.
  • Mount Uhud: Near Medina, Mount Uhud holds historical significance as the site of the Battle of Uhud, a key event in Islamic history.
  • Quba Mosque: The Quba Mosque in Medina is considered the first mosque built by Prophet Muhammad upon his arrival in the city.
  • Mada’in Saleh: This archaeological site, also known as Al-Hijr, features ancient Nabatean tombs carved into sandstone cliffs and is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Saudi Arabia welcomes Muslim pilgrims from around the world who come to perform Hajj and Umrah. These pilgrimages involve specific rituals and visits to the holy sites in Mecca and Medina.

Saudi Arabia Festivals and Holidays

In Saudi Arabia culture, the major holidays and festivals are primarily based on the Islamic calendar and Islamic religious observances. Here are some of the significant holidays and festivals celebrated in Saudi Arabia:

  • Eid al-Fitr: Occurs on the first day of the Islamic month of Shawwal, immediately following the holy month of Ramadan. Celebrates the end of fasting and is a time of joyous feasting and gift-giving. Celebrated nationwide with family gatherings, special prayers, and festive meals.
  • Eid al-Adha: Celebrated on the 10th day of the Islamic month of Dhul Hijjah. Commemorates the willingness of Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son as an act of submission to God. Marked by animal sacrifices, charity, prayers, and spending time with family and loved ones.
  • Saudi National Day: Celebrated on September 23rd annually. Marks the establishment of the modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Festivities include parades, fireworks, cultural events, and patriotic displays.
  • Prophet Muhammad’s Birthday (Mawlid al-Nabi): Celebrated on the 12th day of the Islamic month of Rabi’ al-Awwal. Honors the birth of Prophet Muhammad. Celebrated with religious lectures, processions, and special prayers.
  • Saudi Arabian Cultural Heritage Festival: Held annually in different regions across the country. Showcases the diverse cultural heritage of Saudi Arabia, including traditional music, dance, crafts, and cuisine. Provides an opportunity for locals and visitors to engage with Saudi Arabia’s rich cultural traditions.

Other important Islamic events and occasions are observed throughout the year, such as the Night of Power (Laylat al-Qadr) during Ramadan. Some Islamic holidays follow the lunar calendar; therefore, their exact dates and celebrations vary each year, depending on the sighting of the moon.

Bargaining and Haggling in Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, haggling or bargaining is not as common as in some other cultures. However, there are still certain situations where negotiating prices might be possible, especially in traditional markets and souks. Here are some guidelines regarding bargaining in Saudi Arabia:

  • Traditional Markets (Souks): Bargaining is more acceptable in traditional markets, where the prices are not fixed. It is often expected that customers will negotiate to some extent to reach a mutually agreed-upon price. However, keep in mind that the extent of bargaining may vary depending on the seller and the item being purchased.
  • Modern Retail Outlets: In modern retail outlets, fixed prices are the norm, and bargaining is generally not practiced. These include malls, supermarkets, branded stores, and restaurants. Attempting to haggle in such establishments may be seen as inappropriate or disrespectful.

Saudi Arabia Etiquette for Travelers

By behaving respectfully and adhering to local etiquette, you can show respect for Saudi culture and avoid any potential discomfort or misunderstandings during your time in the Kingdom.

Temple and Religious Sites Etiquette in Saudi Arabia

Visitors to Saudi Arabia who wish to discover and connect with Saudi religious culture can:

  • Observe the rituals and customs of Hajj and Umrah, even if not participating themselves.
  • Respect and adhere to the local customs and traditions associated with Islam, such as dressing modestly and observing prayer times.
  • Visit mosques and attend prayers, but note that non-Muslims are generally not allowed in the holiest sites.
  • Explore historical and cultural sites related to Islamic history and civilization, such as museums and archaeological sites.
  • Engage with local communities, participate in cultural events, and interact respectfully with locals to gain a deeper understanding of their religious practices and beliefs.
  • Familiarize themselves with local laws and regulations related to religious practices and behaviors to ensure a respectful and enriching experience.

Dining Etiquette in Saudi Arabia

Dining etiquette in Saudi Arabia is influenced by Islamic customs and traditions. Here are some key aspects to keep in mind when experiencing the local cuisine:

Cultural/Religious Considerations: Saudi Arabia follows Islamic dietary restrictions. Pork is not consumed due to religious reasons, as pork is considered haram (forbidden). Alcohol is also strictly prohibited. When dining, be mindful of halal (permissible) food options and respect any dietary preferences or restrictions expressed by your hosts.

Dining Etiquette: When dining in Saudi Arabia, it is customary to eat with the right hand, as the left hand is considered unclean. It is polite to wait for the host or elder to start eating before you begin. Additionally, it is customary to remove your shoes when entering someone’s home.

Tipping: Tipping is not mandatory, but it is appreciated for good service. Some restaurants may include a service charge in the bill, in which case additional tipping may not be necessary. If the service charge is not included, a tip of around 10% is generally appropriate.

Signature Dishes: Saudi cuisine offers a range of delicious dishes. Some traditional staple foods include:

  • Kabsa: A fragrant rice dish often prepared with meat (chicken, lamb, or camel) and flavored with spices, like cardamom, saffron, and cinnamon
  • Mandi: Another popular rice dish cooked with meat (usually lamb) in a tandoor or underground oven
  • Mutabbaq: A savory pastry filled with ingredients such as minced meat, vegetables, or cheese
  • Jareesh: A dish made from crushed and cooked wheat, usually served with meat or chicken

Regional Variations: Saudi Arabian cuisine varies from region to region. Coastal regions often feature seafood dishes, while regions like Najd focus on traditional meat-based dishes. Each region has its own specialties and local flavors.

Street-Food Culture: Saudi Arabia has a vibrant street-food culture. You can find various types of snacks and quick bites, such as falafel, shawarma, and samosas. Street food vendors offer a wide range of flavors and local delicacies.

How to Dress in Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, it is important to dress modestly and respectfully, keeping in mind the conservative Islamic culture and societal norms. Here are some guidelines for dressing appropriately in Saudi Arabia:

  • Modest Clothing: Saudi authorities require both men and women to dress modestly, covering the shoulders and knees. Clothing should be loose-fitting and not form-fitting or revealing. Women are expected to cover their hair with a headscarf (hijab) or wear an abaya (a loose-fitting black cloak) in public.
  • Men’s Attire: Saudi men typically wear long pants and shirts with sleeves that cover their shoulders. Short-sleeved shirts are generally acceptable, but sleeveless shirts should be avoided in public.
  • Women’s Attire: Women are no longer required to cover their hair in public, though the majority still choose to wear a headscarf (hijab) or a full-length abaya, which is a loose-fitting black cloak that covers the entire body. The abaya should be worn over regular clothing. It is also common for women to wear a niqab, which covers the face except for the eyes.
  • Swimwear: Revealing swimwear is not appropriate in public. Both men and women should wear modest swimwear that covers the body when visiting public beaches or pools. Many private beaches and resorts have designated areas for mixed-gender swimming.
  • Religious Sites: When visiting mosques or religious sites, both men and women are expected to dress even more conservatively. Women should cover their hair completely with a headscarf or hood and wear loose-fitting clothing that covers the entire body, including the arms and legs.

It’s important to note that the level of adherence to dress codes may vary depending on the region and context within Saudi Arabia. In more conservative regions, such as Mecca and Medina, stricter dress codes are generally observed. In major cities and cosmopolitan areas, such as Riyadh and Jeddah, there may be slightly more flexibility in dress styles, but modesty should still be maintained.

Sports in Saudi Arabia

Sports play a significant role in Saudi Arabian society, fostering unity, passion, and a sense of national pride. Here are the major spectator sports in the country, including those relevant to Indigenous cultures:

  • Football (Soccer): Football is the most popular sport in Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Arabian national football team, known as the Green Falcons, has a strong following. The Saudi Professional League (SPL) is the top professional football league in the country, featuring teams from various cities. Portuguese superstar Cristiano Ronaldo currently plays for Al-Nassr FC.
  • Camel Racing: Camel racing holds deep cultural significance in Saudi Arabia, particularly among Indigenous Bedouin communities. It is a traditional sport where camels are raced across vast desert tracks. The races are usually held during festivals and special occasions, showcasing the heritage and horsemanship skills of the participants.
  • Equestrian Sports: Horse racing, show jumping, and other equestrian events are well-regarded in Saudi Arabia. The King Abdulaziz Racetrack in Riyadh is a prominent venue for horse racing, attracting local and international participants.
  • Basketball: Basketball has gained popularity in recent years, with the Saudi Arabian national basketball team competing in regional and international tournaments. The Saudi Basketball Premier League (SBL) features professional basketball clubs from different regions of the country.
  • Volleyball: Volleyball enjoys a significant following in Saudi Arabia, both as a recreational activity and a spectator sport. The Saudi Arabian men’s national volleyball team has participated in international competitions, including the Olympic Games.
  • Traditional Sports: Indigenous communities in Saudi Arabia engage in various traditional sports that reflect their cultural heritage. These include falconry, horseback riding, archery, and traditional Arabian wrestling.
  • Motorsports: Saudi Arabia hosts major international motorsport events, including Formula 1 races, Dakar Rally, and the Saudi Arabian Rally Championship. These events have gained prominence and showcase the country’s growing interest in motorsports.

Other Essential Tips

During your travels in Saudi Arabia, it’s essential to keep in mind a few additional cultural considerations:

  • Personal Space: Saudi Arabian culture places importance on personal space and privacy. It is advisable to maintain an appropriate physical distance when interacting with others, particularly of the opposite gender. Respecting personal boundaries demonstrates cultural sensitivity and helps create a comfortable environment for everyone involved.
  • Elder Respect: In Saudi Arabian culture, respect for elders is highly valued, from the royal family on down. When interacting with older individuals, it is customary to address them with honorifics and show deference in your tone and demeanor. Listening attentively and seeking their advice or opinions when appropriate is considered a sign of respect.
  • Punctuality: Saudi Arabian society values punctuality, especially for formal engagements and business meetings. It is advisable to arrive on time for scheduled appointments or gatherings. Social events and gatherings among friends and family may have more relaxed time frames.
  • Gift-giving: Offering gifts is common practice in Saudi culture, particularly during social visits or when invited to someone’s home. Choose something thoughtful and appropriate for the occasion. When presenting a gift, wrapping it nicely and presenting it with both hands is appreciated. When receiving a gift, it is customary to show gratitude and open it later in privacy, rather than immediately in front of the giver.

Prepare for Your Saudi Arabia Trip

Obtaining a visa is an essential part of planning your trip. At Entriva, we can easily and efficiently help you with every aspect of getting a Saudi Arabia visa. Start your visa application process.

For more information on other aspects of travel to Saudi Arabia, including travel requirements, visa extensions, local laws, and culture and traditions, visit our Saudi Arabia content hub.